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Gallbladder Cancer

Overview




Gallbladder cancer is an abnormal growth of cells that begins in the gallbladder.

Your gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ on the right side of your abdomen, just beneath your liver. The gallbladder stores bile, a digestive fluid produced by your liver.

Gallbladder cancer is uncommon. When gallbladder cancer is discovered at its earliest stages, the chance for a cure is very good. But most gallbladder cancers are discovered at a late stage, when the prognosis is often very poor.

Gallbladder cancer may not be discovered until it's advanced because it often causes no specific signs or symptoms. Also, the relatively hidden nature of the gallbladder makes it easier for gallbladder cancer to grow without being detected.



Symptoms

Gallbladder cancer signs and symptoms may include:

1.Abdominal pain, particularly in the upper right portion of the abdomen

2.Abdominal bloating

3.Losing weight without trying

4.Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice)


Causes

It's not clear what causes gallbladder cancer.

Doctors know that gallbladder cancer forms when healthy gallbladder cells develop changes (mutations) in their DNA. A cell's DNA contains the instructions that tell a cell what to do. The changes tell the cells to grow out of control and to continue living when other cells would normally die. The accumulating cells form a tumor that can grow beyond the gallbladder and spread to other areas of the body.

Most gallbladder cancer begins in the glandular cells that line the inner surface of the gallbladder. Gallbladder cancer that begins in this type of cell is called adenocarcinoma. This term refers to the way the cancer cells appear when examined under a microscope.



Risk factors

Factors that can increase the risk of gallbladder cancer include:

1.Your sex. Gallbladder cancer is more common in women.

2.Your age. Your risk of gallbladder cancer increases as you age.

3.A history of gallstones. Gallbladder cancer is most common in people who have gallstones or have had gallstones in the past. Larger gallstones may carry a larger risk. Still, gallstones are very common and even in people with this condition, gallbladder cancer is very rare.

4.Other gallbladder diseases and conditions. Other gallbladder conditions that can increase the risk of gallbladder cancer include polyps, chronic inflammation and infection.

5.Inflammation of the bile ducts. Primary sclerosing cholangitis, which causes inflammation of the ducts that drain bile from the gallbladder and liver, increases the risk of gallbladder cancer.



Diagnosis

Tests and procedures used to diagnose gallbladder cancer include:

1.Blood tests. Blood tests to evaluate your liver function may help your doctor determine what's causing your signs and symptoms.

2.Procedures to create images of the gallbladder. Imaging tests that can create pictures of the gallbladder include ultrasound, computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).


Determining the extent of gallbladder cancer

Once your doctor diagnoses your gallbladder cancer, he or she works to find the extent (stage) of your cancer. Your gallbladder cancer's stage helps determine your prognosis and your treatment options.


Tests and procedures used to stage gallbladder cancer include:

1.Exploratory surgery. Your doctor may recommend surgery to look inside your abdomen for signs that gallbladder cancer has spread.

In a procedure called laparoscopy, the surgeon makes a small incision in your abdomen and inserts a tiny camera. The camera allows the surgeon to examine organs surrounding your gallbladder for signs that the cancer has spread.

2.Tests to examine the bile ducts. Your doctor may recommend procedures to inject dye into the bile ducts. This is followed by an imaging test that records where the dye goes. These tests can show blockages in the bile ducts.

These tests may include magnetic resonance cholangiography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).

3.Additional imaging tests. Most people with gallbladder cancer will undergo a series of scans to help determine whether the cancer has spread or remains localized. Which scans should be performed vary depending on your circumstances. Common scans include a CT and MRI scans of the abdomen and chest.

Your doctor uses information from these procedures to assign your cancer a stage. The stages of gallbladder cancer range from 0 to IV. The earliest stages indicate a cancer that's confined to the gallbladder. Later stages indicate more-advanced cancer that has grown to involve nearby organs or has spread to other areas of the body.


Treatment

What gallbladder cancer treatment options are available to you will depend on the stage of your cancer, your overall health and your preferences.

The initial goal of treatment is to remove the gallbladder cancer, but when that isn't possible, other therapies may help control the spread of the disease and keep you as comfortable as possible.



Surgery for early-stage gallbladder cancer

Surgery may be an option if you have an early-stage gallbladder cancer. Options include:

1.Surgery to remove the gallbladder. Early gallbladder cancer that is confined to the gallbladder is treated with an operation to remove the gallbladder (cholecystectomy).

2.Surgery to remove the gallbladder and a portion of the liver. Gallbladder cancer that extends beyond the gallbladder and into the liver is sometimes treated with surgery to remove the gallbladder, as well as portions of the liver and bile ducts that surround the gallbladder.

If your gallbladder cancer is very small and can be removed completely with cholecystectomy, you may not need additional treatments. If there's a risk that cancer cells may remain after surgery, your doctor may recommend chemotherapy or other treatments.


How serious is gallbladder cancer?

Gallbladder cancer is a rare and very serious disease. Be sure to see your healthcare provider as soon as possible if you experience the symptoms. While other cancers show signs early on, remember that gallbladder cancer may not be obvious until it's in the later stages. It's vital to get treated as soon as possible.


Can gallbladder cancer be cured?

Gallbladder cancer can be cured only if it is found before it has spread, when it can be removed by surgery. If the cancer has spread, palliative treatment can improve the patient's quality of life by controlling the symptoms and complications of this disease.

How quickly does gallbladder cancer spread?

In most instances, gallbladder cancer develops over 5 to 15 years, when metaplasia progresses to dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, and then, invasive cancer. Progression is frequently rapid and silent, portending a dismal prognosis. A satisfactory outcome depends on an early diagnosis and surgical resection.



What is gallbladder cancer?

Gallbladder cancer occurs when malignant (cancer) cells grow in your gallbladder, a pear-shaped organ located under your liver in your upper abdomen.

The outside of your gallbladder is made up of four layers of tissue:

1.The inner layer (mucosal layer).

2.The muscle layer.

3.The connective tissue layer.

4.The outer layer (serosal layer).

Gallbladder cancer begins in the mucosal layer and moves outward. It is often found by chance after gallbladder surgery or it’s not discovered until it has progressed to a late stage.



What kind of healthcare provider treats/manages gallbladder cancer?

You may see many different healthcare providers to help treat your gallbladder cancer:

1.Surgeon/surgical oncologist: A surgeon who is a cancer treatment specialist.

2.Medical oncologist: This type of healthcare provider will help you with chemotherapy and other medications.

3.Radiation oncologist: This provider uses radiation to help manage the spread of cancer.

4.Gastroenterologist: These providers specialize in your digestive system.



Are there any side effects of gallbladder surgery?

Surgery always comes with risks that you must weigh. Potential risks include:

1.Extra bleeding.

2.Blood clots.

3.Pneumonia.

4.Complications from anesthesia.

5.Infection.


How can I prevent gallbladder cancer?

Gallbladder cancer can’t be prevented. You can do your best to avoid a few of the risk factors of gallbladder cancer — you can try eating well and maintaining a weight that's healthy for you — but there’s no guarantee that your actions will prevent it.










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